Fixed the PITA reference data

CutieParser.py

@@ -23,3 +23,4 @@
 with open("dataReference.txt", "r") as f:
     data = f.read()
 
+":"

dataReference.txt

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ The effectiveness of each antacid depends on its neutralizing and buffering capa
 Go to:
 Materials and methods
 
-The databases Medline, Embase, and Google Scholar were searched for relevant studies using combinations of the following basic and Medical Subject Headings terms: “antacid,” “sodium bicarbonate,” “calcium carbonate,’ “magnesium carbonate,” “magnesium hydroxide,” “aluminum hydroxide,” “acid-neutralizing capacity,” “heartburn,” “gastroesophageal reflux disease,” “GERD,” and “gastric acidity.”
+The databases Medline, Embase, and Google Scholar were searched for relevant studies using combinations of the following basic and Medical Subject Headings terms: "antacid," "sodium bicarbonate," "calcium carbonate,’ "magnesium carbonate," "magnesium hydroxide," "aluminum hydroxide," "acid-neutralizing capacity," "heartburn," "gastroesophageal reflux disease," "GERD," and "gastric acidity."
 Go to:
 Epidemiology of GERD
 
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Frequently used terms for heartburn
 
 Heartburn is a commonly used but frequently misunderstood word. There is no direct translation for the word heartburn in most languages. It is likely that some meaning may be lost in translation such that the word-for-word translation may carry a completely different meaning. The lack of an exact word for heartburn might contribute to low symptom reporting and a consequently low rate of diagnosis.21,22
 
-Heartburn is often associated with a sour taste in the back of the mouth with or without regurgitation of the refluxate. Heartburn has many synonyms, including “acid indigestion,” “acid regurgitation,” “sour stomach,” “hyperacidity,” and simply “acidity.” Heartburn is usually described as burning discomfort experienced behind the breastbone. Patients describe heartburn as a “burning sensation in esophagus, stomach, throat, trachea,” “a burning feeling rising from the stomach or lower chest up towards the neck,” “a burning, warm or acid sensation in the epigastrium, substernal area, or both,” “a burning feeling in epigastrium rises through the chest in substernal area,” or simply “a feeling of fullness or discomfort in epigastrium”.22 –26 In 2018, Clarrett and Hachem defined heartburn as a burning sensation in the chest that radiates toward the mouth because of acid reflux into the esophagus. 27 The terms “burning,” “hot,” and “acidic” are typically used by patients unless the symptoms become so intense that pain is experienced. 28
+Heartburn is often associated with a sour taste in the back of the mouth with or without regurgitation of the refluxate. Heartburn has many synonyms, including "acid indigestion," "acid regurgitation," "sour stomach," "hyperacidity," and simply "acidity." Heartburn is usually described as burning discomfort experienced behind the breastbone. Patients describe heartburn as a "burning sensation in esophagus, stomach, throat, trachea," "a burning feeling rising from the stomach or lower chest up towards the neck," "a burning, warm or acid sensation in the epigastrium, substernal area, or both," "a burning feeling in epigastrium rises through the chest in substernal area," or simply "a feeling of fullness or discomfort in epigastrium".22 –26 In 2018, Clarrett and Hachem defined heartburn as a burning sensation in the chest that radiates toward the mouth because of acid reflux into the esophagus. 27 The terms "burning," "hot," and "acidic" are typically used by patients unless the symptoms become so intense that pain is experienced. 28
 Go to:
 Antacids as a mainstay intervention for reflux symptoms
 
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ Design, intervention (antacid salts), and findings of studies conducted among pa
 Authors	Study design	Intervention (s)	Treatment protocol	Results
 Johnson and Suralik, 2009 51 	Randomized, open-label, crossover study	One dose (powder form) of a sodium bicarbonate (2.32 g) and citric acid (2.18 g) combination dissolved in water versus water alone	– Interventions were provided at visit 2 or alternatively at visit 3 before breakfast– Doses was separated by a washout period of 36 to 48 hours	– Treatment with a sodium bicarbonate and citric acid combination resulted in a statistically significant change in pH from baseline in 6 seconds, compared with 18 seconds for water.
 Walker et al., 2015 77 	Phase III, randomized study	Immediate-release omeprazole plus sodium bicarbonate (one dose [20 mg] per day) versus standard enteric coated omeprazole (one dose [20 mg] per day)	– When required, interventions were provided for a period of 3 days during the 14-day study period	– Immediate-release omeprazole plus sodium bicarbonate provided significant relief of heartburn associated with GERD within 0 to 30 minutes.
-Orbelo et al., 2015 78 	Open-label, prospective, randomized clinical trial	One sachet in 15 to 30 mL of water per day of an omeprazole and sodium bicarbonate combination	– The intervention was provided daily for eight weeks either  • in the morning, i.e., 20 to 60 minutes prior to a meal or  • at night, i.e., immediately prior to sleep	– The once-daily dose, taken in the morning or at night, effectively reversed severe reflux esophagitis and improved GERD symptoms.
+Orbelo et al., 2015 78 	Open-label, prospective, randomized clinical trial	One sachet in 15 to 30 mL of water per day of an omeprazole and sodium bicarbonate combination	– The intervention was provided daily for eight weeks either   in the morning, i.e., 20 to 60 minutes prior to a meal or   at night, i.e., immediately prior to sleep	– The once-daily dose, taken in the morning or at night, effectively reversed severe reflux esophagitis and improved GERD symptoms.
 Higuera-de-la-Tijera, 2018 79 	Systematic review of studies published since 2000	Omeprazole and sodium bicarbonate combination versus omeprazole	NRa	– The combination produced a sustained response and sustained total relief in patients with GERD.
 Sulz et al., 2007 80 	Open, randomized, placebo-controlled trial	Two tablets of a calcium carbonate (680 mg) and magnesium carbonate (80 mg) combination versus magaldrate gel (800 mg) versus placebo	– Interventions were provided after an overnight fast of at least 10 hours on 3 different days– The scheduled days were separated by a washout period of 4 days	– Both the antacid tablet and gel achieved the target pH (>3.0) during the first 30 minutes.
 Collings et al., 2002 81 	Single-blind, four-treatment cross-over study	Two pellets of calcium carbonate chewing gum (300 mg and 450 mg) versus two chewable tablets of calcium carbonate (500 mg) versus a swallowed placebo capsule	– Interventions were provided 30 minutes after a meal in all four sessions	– Both gums decreased heartburn for 120 minutes compared with placebo.– The higher gum dose decreased heartburn more strongly than chewable antacids up to 120 minutes.– Antacid gums provided faster and more prolonged symptom relief and pH control than chewable antacids.
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ Impact of heartburn on quality of life and the relevance of antacids in self-car
 
 According to the Genval workshop report, a negative impact on health-related well-being is a criterion for reflux disease when heartburn occurs 2 or more days a week. 35 Studies revealed a significant decrease in well-being with increases in the symptom frequency of heartburn.36 –38 Patients with heartburn had work-related interferences, eating or drinking problems, sleep interruption, and severely impaired daily activity. 39 Nocturnal heartburn, found in 54 ± 22% of patients with GERD, can lead to poor sleep quality followed by sleep arousal, daytime fatigue, and impaired work productivity. 40 Treatment of heartburn symptoms has been significantly associated with improvement in quality of life.41,42 Based on this finding, the World Gastroenterology Organization suggests that the primary goals for self-treating frequent heartburn are the complete symptomatic relief and restoration of quality of life. 29 The reduction of heartburn symptoms is significantly associated with improved quality of life, with the greatest impact on psychological well-being and physical functioning. 41 The use of antacids alone or in combination with other therapies has produced improvements in vitality, physical and social function, and emotional well-being in patients with heartburn.43 –45 Thus, appropriate antacid use can improve health-related quality of life by ameliorating gastroesophageal reflux symptoms.
 
-The World Health Organization defines self-care as “the ability of individuals, families and communities to promote health, prevent disease, maintain health, and to cope with illness and disability with or without the support of a healthcare provider,” which includes non-drug self-treatment and self-medication.46,47 Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, self-care and self-management are even more critical aspects of the evolving healthcare system to manage self-recognized minor ailments such as heartburn and acid regurgitation. The demand for antacids and various OTC medicines has increased because these treatments have proven appropriate for addressing the unmet needs of consumers. 48
+The World Health Organization defines self-care as "the ability of individuals, families and communities to promote health, prevent disease, maintain health, and to cope with illness and disability with or without the support of a healthcare provider," which includes non-drug self-treatment and self-medication.46,47 Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, self-care and self-management are even more critical aspects of the evolving healthcare system to manage self-recognized minor ailments such as heartburn and acid regurgitation. The demand for antacids and various OTC medicines has increased because these treatments have proven appropriate for addressing the unmet needs of consumers. 48
 
 This adds to the importance of optimal interfacing between health systems and sites of healthcare delivery. Pharmacists play a vital role in assisting patients to choose self-care approaches and select optimal OTC medicines. Pharmacists can advise consumers on the safe and effective use of antacids, reinforce directions provided by the product labeling, help cease inappropriate use of antacids, and address their interactions with other medications.
 
@@ -111,13 +111,13 @@ Speciesb	Carbonate	Bicarbonate, citrate	Hydroxide, carbonate, oxide, trisilicate
 Category	Non-absorbable	Absorbable	Non-absorbable	Non-absorbable
 ANC (mEq/15 mL)c	58	17	35	29
 Maximum daily dosage limit (mEq)d	160	200 (≤60 years old) and 100 (>60 years or older)	50	NA
-Limitations	• Constipation and flatulence• Systemic alkalosis and hypercalcemia on long term use• Occasional milk-alkali syndrome in patients taking more than the recommended dose	• Non-serious, stomach/gut irritations that could cause gas or bloating	• Dose-related diarrhea• Flushing• Hypotension• Vasodilation• Hypermagnesemia	• Hypomagnesemia• Hypophosphatemia• Constipation• Anemia
+Limitations	 Constipation and flatulence Systemic alkalosis and hypercalcemia on long term use Occasional milk-alkali syndrome in patients taking more than the recommended dose	 Non-serious, stomach/gut irritations that could cause gas or bloating	 Dose-related diarrhea Flushing Hypotension Vasodilation Hypermagnesemia	 Hypomagnesemia Hypophosphatemia Constipation Anemia
 FDA category for antacid use in pregnancye	None	None	None	None
 Contraindications 				
 Renal impairment	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
 Hepatic impairment	No	Yes	No	No
 Allergy to the antacid ingredient(s) in the formulation	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
-Others	• Patients with hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, nephrocalcinosis, and nephrolithiasis• Patients on a low-phosphate diet	• Patients on a sodium- restricted diet, e.g., those with hypertension or congestive heart failure	• Patients with severe diarrhea • Patients with neuromuscular disease such as myasthenia gravis	• Patients with constipation
+Others	 Patients with hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, nephrocalcinosis, and nephrolithiasis Patients on a low-phosphate diet	 Patients on a sodium- restricted diet, e.g., those with hypertension or congestive heart failure	 Patients with severe diarrhea  Patients with neuromuscular disease such as myasthenia gravis	 Patients with constipation
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 aA salt is a chemical compound consisting of an ionic assembly of positively charged cations and negatively charged anions. The specific salts of active pharmaceutical ingredients are often formed to achieve desirable formulation properties. 96
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ Go to:
 Special populations
 Management of heartburn during pregnancy
 
-Heartburn is a common consequence of pregnancy. Prior research presented the prevalence of heartburn as 22% in the first trimester, 39% in the second trimester, and 60% to 72% in the third trimester. 64 Increases in the levels of female sex hormones such as progesterone can reduce lower esophageal sphincter pressure. The step-up algorithm, starting with dietary changes and lifestyle modifications, should be used to manage heartburn during pregnancy. Antacids carry an FDA pregnancy category of none (N), which means these drugs have not been classified by the FDA. 65 Antacids are recommended as first-line treatments for heartburn in pregnancy when lifestyle modifications fail. If symptoms persist despite antacid use, then H2RAs can be used, excluding nizatidine because it has been found to be teratogenic in animal studies. All PPIs and H2RAs are FDA category B drugs, excluding omeprazole, which is an FDA category C drug. PPIs are reserved for women with complicated GERD or intractable symptoms. Approximately 30% to 50% of pregnant patients with symptoms will never need to “step-up” therapy from antacids. Although magnesium-, calcium-, and aluminum-containing antacids display good safety profiles during pregnancy, they should not be used for long-term therapy or in large doses.66,67 Treatments containing sodium bicarbonate should be avoided in pregnancy because of risks of fluid overload as well as maternal and fetal metabolic alkalosis risks (Table 2).
+Heartburn is a common consequence of pregnancy. Prior research presented the prevalence of heartburn as 22% in the first trimester, 39% in the second trimester, and 60% to 72% in the third trimester. 64 Increases in the levels of female sex hormones such as progesterone can reduce lower esophageal sphincter pressure. The step-up algorithm, starting with dietary changes and lifestyle modifications, should be used to manage heartburn during pregnancy. Antacids carry an FDA pregnancy category of none (N), which means these drugs have not been classified by the FDA. 65 Antacids are recommended as first-line treatments for heartburn in pregnancy when lifestyle modifications fail. If symptoms persist despite antacid use, then H2RAs can be used, excluding nizatidine because it has been found to be teratogenic in animal studies. All PPIs and H2RAs are FDA category B drugs, excluding omeprazole, which is an FDA category C drug. PPIs are reserved for women with complicated GERD or intractable symptoms. Approximately 30% to 50% of pregnant patients with symptoms will never need to "step-up" therapy from antacids. Although magnesium-, calcium-, and aluminum-containing antacids display good safety profiles during pregnancy, they should not be used for long-term therapy or in large doses.66,67 Treatments containing sodium bicarbonate should be avoided in pregnancy because of risks of fluid overload as well as maternal and fetal metabolic alkalosis risks (Table 2).
 Management of gastroesophageal reflux in children
 
 Infants normally experience gastroesophageal reflux symptoms that peak at 4 months of age because of physiological factors, and these events resolve over time. Antacids are not useful in infants with reflux symptoms, but they may be considered for short-term use in older children (12 years and older) to relieve heartburn.68,69 If regurgitation becomes frequent, then lifestyle changes, postural therapy, and thickened feedings should be considered.70,71
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ for me, linux is a escape from prison. whenever I have to deal with windows, its
 I will never go back to windows.
 
 
-Honestly, never once have I felt handicapped using Linux; in fact, it's been the opposite. 🤷‍♂️
+Honestly, never once have I felt handicapped using Linux; in fact, it's been the opposite. 
 
 Different strokes for different folks, though.